丸茂研究室 丸茂研究室

MENU

RESEARCH

Salt-induced hypertension and organ damage

Investigation of the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension and salt-dependent renal injury

During evolution, the sodium reabsorption mechanism in the kidneys was very important for vertebrates to survive on dry land for fluid retention, but today, excessive salt intake is a cause of hypertension and kidney disease. In addition to genetic predisposition, hypertension is influenced by environmental factors such as stress, obesity, and aging, but salt intake is deeply involved. Salt intake increases blood pressure (BP) in some people (salt-sensitive) and in others (non-salt-sensitive).We call hypertension that is caused by salt intake as salt-sensitive hypertension. In salt-sensitive hypertensive individuals, it is believed that sodium excretion from the kidneys is maintained by elevating BP and promoting pressure diuresis because of abnormal sodium excretion function in the kidneys.

The sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), a hypertensive hormone cascade, are involved in BP regulation in cooperation with the kidneys, and the RAAS is originally suppressed by salt intake. However, in salt-sensitive individuals, the RAAS is also inappropriately elevated with the sympathetic nervous system during salt intake, resulting in elevated blood pressure and renal damage. Aldosterone, for example, is a hormone that promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, but its secretion is normally suppressed during high salt intake and BP is regulated so that it does not rise excessively. However, in conditions such as obesity, aldosterone is not properly suppressed and continues to be secreted, resulting not only in increased BP during salt intake, but also in heart and kidney damage via activation of its receptor, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR).

On the other hand, some conditions of salt-sensitive hypertension have been recognized as a phenomenon in which MR is activated during salt intake despite suppression of plasma aldosterone concentration, resulting in hypertension and cardiac and renal damage, which has been a mystery for many years. As a cause, our studies have revealed that Rac1 protein is activated in the kidneys during salt intake and activates MR, resulting in hypertension and cardiac and renal damage (Nat Med 2008, J Clin Invest 2011, Hypertension 2016). Rac1 belongs to a family of small G proteins and is known to become active by conversion from a GDP-bound to a GTP-bound form and to function as a molecular switch that binds to specific target molecules and transduces intracellular signals.

Further studies have also revealed that Rac1 is activated not only by salt intake, but also by hyperactivity of the RAA system and diabetes mellitus, resulting in MR activation, hypertension, and renal damage (J Am Soc Nephrol 2012, Hypertension 2021). Rac1 inhibitors as well as MR antagonists are potential new therapeutic targets for the treatment of hypertension and renal injury in today's salt-intensive society, and we are investigating their therapeutic potential (Fig. 1).

Mechanisms of Age-Related Increased Salt Sensitivity and Hypertension

With the rapid aging of the population, one out of every four people in Japan is an elderly person. The incidence of hypertension increases with age, and more than 70% of people in their 70s suffer from hypertension. It has been known that salt sensitivity of blood pressure increases with age, but the mechanism of this increase has been unknown. On the other hand, Klotho, an anti-aging factor in blood, was known to decrease with age. We have shown that high-salt diets activate the Wnt5a-RhoA pathway, a vasoconstrictor pathway, resulting in increased vasoconstriction and hypertension in aged mice with reduced Klotho in the blood (J Clin Invest 2020). This phenomenon does not occur without salt intake and does not occur in young mice with sufficient Klotho in the blood. In other words, it is now clear that age-related hypertension is caused by the decline of Klotho in the blood, which is stimulated by lifestyle factors such as high salt intake. The mechanism by which salt-sensitive hypertension develops in the elderly, as opposed to the young, was also clarified.

Furthermore, it is generally known that salt-sensitive hypertensive patients have decreased renal blood flow due to increased vascular resistance in renal arteries during high salt intake, but through experiments in aged mice, we have shown that increased contraction of the Wnt5a-RhoA pathway in renal arteries during salt intake is involved as a cause of decreased renal blood flow. Decreased renal blood flow results in hypertension due to the consequent enhancement of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system. These findings suggested that high salt intake in aged mice with decreased blood Klotho causes activation of the Wnt5a-RhoA pathway, a vasoconstrictor pathway, in systemic peripheral vessels and renal arteries, resulting in increased vascular resistance and decreased renal blood flow, leading to the development of hypertension.

Furthermore, salt-sensitive hypertension in aged mice was suppressed by salt reduction, blood Klotho supplementation, Wnt inhibitors, and Rho kinase inhibitors, which suggested these can be new therapies in age-related hypertension.

With the rapid aging of society, prevention and treatment of hypertension, the greatest risk for cerebrovascular disease, is an urgent issue. Our research results indicate that salt reduction is the greatest preventive measure. In addition, it is known that Klotho can be maintained through exercise and avoidance of obesity, and therefore, lifestyle modification is also considered important for prevention. Through this research, we are developing new methods for the prevention and treatment of age-related hypertension and renal dysfunction, and are also investigating the application of these methods to other age-related diseases.

研究概要一覧を見る 研究業績を見る