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Therapy based on repair

Kidney protection by histone deacetylation inhibition

While chronic kidney disease is regarded as progressive in general, kidney function can recover almost completely after transient ischemia. During the period of recovery, proteins involved in nephrogenesis, including BMP7, are re-induced, and play important roles in kidney regeneration after ischemic injury. Given the critical role of epigenetic mechanisms in the induction and silencing of developmental genes during nephrogenesis, we reasoned that chromatin remodeling might somehow be modulated by ischemia. Since almost nothing had been reported with regard to epigenetic status in kidney disease at the time, we started by analyzing the levels of H3K9 acetylation, a histone mark which is tightly coupled with transcription. The levels of H3K9 acetylation decreased in response to ischemia especially in proximal tubular cells, the main target of ischemic injury due to high oxygen demand. In the recovery period, histone acetylation gradually increased. Recovery of histone acetylation was induced by decreased expression of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 5. Downregulation of HDAC5 led to an increased expression of BMP7 (J Am Soc Nephrol 19, 1311, 2008).

Since decrease of endogenous HDAC5 induced BMP7, a reno-protective molecule, we investigated whether HDAC inhibitors can exert reno-protective effects. Trichostatin A, an HDAC inhibitor, exerted anti-fibrotic effects in cultured renal tubular cells (J Am Soc Nephrol 18, 58, 2007), in the unilateral ureter ligation (Am J Physiol 298, F133, 2010) and glomerulonephritis models (Stem Cells 25, 2469, 2007). Preservation of E-cadherin and induction of BMP subsequent to histone acetylation of the promoter region may be involved in the protective effects. In addition, since HDAC inhibition reduced CSF-1, a chemoattractant, mechanisms other than histone acetylation of the promoter may also play a role.

Regeneration of glomerular endothelial cells by progenitor cells

Since the kidney regulates balance of water and electrolytes, it is enriched with vascular endothelial cells (Fig. 4). In kidney diseases, endothelial cells are damaged to some extent. Since bone marrow-derived cells were shown to protect endothelial injury, we investigated whether mononuclear cells obtained from the bone marrow exert protective effects against kidney injury. After their cultivation under a certain set of conditions to differentiate into endothelial progenitor cells, bone marrow-derived cells were injected into a model of glomerulonephritis in rats. Endothelial damage, mesangial activation, and inflammation of glomerulus were reduced by the injection. Endothelial growth factors produced by the injected cells were considered to play a major role in the protection (J Am Soc Nephrol 16, 997, 2005).

Aldosterone excess has been shown to induce vascular injury in addition to elevating blood pressure. We investigated the effect of aldosterone on differentiation of bone marrow mononuclear cells into cells with an endothelial progenitor phenotype. Aldosterone reduced VEGF receptor 2 expression, inhibited phosphorylation, and decreased formation of cells with endothelial phenotype. Aldosterone receptor antagonists may offer protection from vascular injury through differentiation of cells with endothelial progenitor phenotype (Hypertension 48, 490, 2006).

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