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Epigenetic urinalysis

DNAメチル化

Diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease using DNA methylation analysis in the urine

The number of patients with diabetes and its complications is increasing worldwide. Since diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease, diagnosis of kidney dysfunction in the early phase of diabetes is important. Urinary albumin levels have been used for early diagnosis, but an increasing number of patients have been exhibiting decreased renal function without albuminuria (Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 3, 382, 2015).

Epigenetic mechanisms control tissue-specific gene expression by acting as a switch. As a result, each organ has a specific pattern of DNA methylation, a major determinant of epigenetic state. Tissue-specific DNA methylation patterns have been used for detection of organ injury by analyzing DNA methylation levels. Every organ’s injury leads to spillover of DNA from the affected organ and gives rise to an increase in its signature DNA methylation levels in the blood that are used for diagnosis (PNAS 113, E1826, 2016, Nat Commun 9, 1443, 2018). Reference atlases of DNA methylation patterns of organs have been published (Nat Commun 9, 5068, 2018). DNA methylation status strictly reflects the cell number in a linear fashion since each cell has only a pair of DNA strands.

Using this concept, we developed a method to detect renal tubular injury in diabetic patients by detecting exfoliated tubular cells shed into the urine based on tubular cell-specific DNA methylation patterns. We first identified a DNA methylation marker specific for human renal proximal tubular cells through compartment-specific methylome analysis. We next determined the methylation levels of the proximal tubule-specific marker in urine sediment of diabetic patients and found that this marker, as an estimate of renal tubular injury, may be useful to discriminate diabetic patients with faster estimated glomerular filtration rate decline (BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 8 (1), e001501,2020).

We are now trying to find which kidney disease can be the target for analyzing a specific DNA methylation signature of kidney cells in the urine, namely epigenetic urinalysis, as a novel non-invasive diagnosis.

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