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Oxidative stress and activation of NF-kappaB in vascular cells

Oxidative stress and activation of NF-kappaB in vascular cells

A critical factor leading to vascular injury apart from nitric oxide system was oxidative stress including superoxide. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) had been shown to be involved in vascular injury, but its influence on oxidative stress was not known. We found that PDGF induces superoxide production in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells. Increased superoxide production in turn activates transcription factor NF-kappaB leading to the induction of chemokine MCP-1. These results indicate that PDGF activates inflammatory processes via oxidative stress in the vasculature (Circulation 96, 2361, 1997). We also found that glucocorticoid reduced the production of superoxide induced by PDGF in vascular smooth muscle cells. Reduction of p22 subunit, a component of NADPH oxidase, which is involved in superoxide production in vascular cells, was considered to be involved in inhibitory effects by glucocorticoid (Hypertension 32, 1083, 1998).

Since vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was known to be involved in diabetic retinopathy, we next investigated the effects of VEGF on bovine retinal vascular endothelial cells. In analogy with PDGF, VEGF activated NF-kappaB - MCP1 pathway in an oxidative stress-dependent manner (Diabetes 48, 1131, 1999). VEGF is also an activator of nitric oxide synthase. Since signals of oxidative stress measured by DCHF oxidation were inhibited by SOD and NO synthase inhibitor, peroxynitrite was considered to be formed in endothelial cells (J Vasc Res 36, 510, 1999). Leptin also activated oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells (FASEB J 13, 1231, 1999).

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