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Epigenetic mechanisms underlying hypertension

Epigenetic mechanisms underlying hypertension

Observations that children born from mothers who experienced famine in World War II develop hypertension or obesity later in life led to the concept of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Epigenetic mechanisms are suggested to underlie development of hypertension in response to detrimental conditions experienced during the fetal period. We investigated whether aberrant DNA methylation in the central nervous system plays a role in hypertension in a DOHaD model. In offspring of pregnant animals receiving a low-protein diet, a model of DOHaD with hypertension, increased mRNA expression of angiotensin receptor type 1a (AT1a) in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus was observed. Decreased methylation in the promoter region caused by down-regulation of DNA methyltransferase 3a was involved in the process. Epigenetic modulation of hypothalamic angiotensin signaling was revealed to contribute to hypertension induced in offspring of mothers that are malnourished during pregnancy (JCI Insight 3(21), e95625, 2018).

Excessive salt intake increases sympathetic nerve activities leading to hypertension. We found that sympathetic overactivity increases histone acetylation through HDAC8 inhibition that leads to the binding of the glucocorticoid receptor to a negative glucocorticoid-responsive element in the promoter region, resulting in decreased expression of Wnk4. Activation of Na-Cl cotransporter by reduced Wnk4 expression caused salt-sensitive hypertension. These results indicated that epigenetic mechanisms were involved in development of salt-sensitive hypertension through changing the transcription of Wnk4 (Nat Med 17, 573, 2011).

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